Almost five years ago, scientists created the first living robots, called xenobots, from tiny blobs of frog stem cells. Most importantly, they discovered through simulation on a supercomputer that they could program the xenobots by redesigning their physical format. Their shape determined their function.

Now the convergence of biotech, nanoscale engineering and semiconductor design has given us the means to make atomically precise machines, and scale them up using biosynthesis. Just like cultured cells in a petri dish, or growing pure crystals; they are identical copies of the original.

Using genetic tools like CRISPR, we can program yeast cells to make diesel instead of beer; and using nanotech we can make solar panels just a hundred atoms wide – then copy them a billion times. Building a computer chip from the bottom up – atom by atom – is exponentially more efficient in terms of both energy and materials; the same goes for electric car batteries.

Forget 3D printing, though it still has its place in heavy industry. The new world of xenobots and molecular machines is filled with assembly lines too small to see with the naked eye, where the ‘workers’ are part organism and part machine, churning out feedstocks and components in abundance.

It’s not just cheap computers and batteries. Living machines are providing solutions for energy and food security, environment and health, as well as making innovative materials for aerospace. Soon we’ll be able to customize nanobots to do preventive maintenance – inside our own bodies!

The sky’s the limit when we can arrange molecules – and DNA – any way we want.